Species Profile: Pygmy hippopotamus

Hello again, welcome back to animals under threat. Today, we will be covering the Pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis or Hexaprotodon liberiensis). The scientific name for the Pygmy hippopotamus is still currently up for debate by scientists.

The Pygmy hippopotamus is a small hippo that belongs to the family (Hippopotamidae) and is only found in West African forests. It is characterized by their greenish/black/brown skin with a creamy grey for the lower body (pygmy hippopotamus, 2003). The nose and eyes of the Pygmy hippo are much smaller than the common hippopotamus as they spend more time on land than in deep water. The pygmy hippo has glands in its skin which secretes an oil that is red, giving the appearance of “blood sweat”. This sweat is most likely acts like a sunscreen to the hippo and protects its skin for the harsh sunlight. Pygmy hippopotamus only has one set of incisors compared to the common hippopotamus which has two sets of incisors (Blashfield, 2014).

Pair of hippos nuzzling by Raimond Spekking and hippo with mouth open by unknown.

Pygmy hippo’s share some behavioural characteristics with the common hippo as they both prefer to stay in rivers during the day. However, unlike the Common hippopotamus that live in large groups, the Pygmy hippo prefer to be alone or in pairs. Scientist don’t know much about the reproductive conditions for wild pygmy hippos as most breeding is observed in zoos. However, the Pygmy hippo may be monogamous meaning that they may only have one mate for life (Fröhlich et al, 2017). Both hippo species feed on vegetation, although Pygmy hippos feed on fruits and ferns due to them living in forest areas (hippopotamus, 2018).

Baby and mother by Mistvan and hippo eating by unknown

This hippo species is under threat due to loss of their habitat as the forest they need to survive is currently cut down for farm land and urban use. They are also hunted for bush meat by poachers and shot by farmers when looking for food on farms. Pygmy hippos are also affected by Polycystic kidney disease or “PKD”. Polycystic kidney disease is a disease which fluid-filled cystic structures replace normal functional rental tissue that can cause kidney failure and death (Flacke et al, 2017). This condition is a genetic disorder that can be passed to offspring.

Next time, we will be covering a species of megabat that is native to Australia and is at risk of extreme heat exposure.  

References

Blashfield, J. 2014, Hippopotamus.

Flacke, G.L., Tomkins, J.L., Black, R. & Steck, B. 2017, "Demographics of polycystic kidney disease and captive population viability in pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis)", Zoo Biology, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 136-151.

Fröhlich, J., Kubickova, S., Musilova, P., Cernohorska, H., Muskova, H. & Rubes, J. 2017, "A Comparative Study of Pygmy Hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) Karyotype by Cross-Species Chromosome Painting", Journal of Mammalian Evolution, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 465-474.

hippopotamus. (2018). In P. Lagasse & Columbia University, The Columbia encyclopedia. (8th ed.). [Online]. New York: Columbia University Press. Available from: https://elibrary.jcu.edu.au/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/columency/hippopotamus/0?institutionId=429 [Accessed 28 April 2019].

pygmy hippopotamus. (2003). In The MacMillan encyclopedia. (2nd ed.). [Online]. Aylesbury: Market House Books Ltd. Available from: https://elibrary.jcu.edu.au/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/move/pygmy_hippopotamus/0?institutionId=429 [Accessed 28 April 2019].

Picture references

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus

Species profile: Dromedary camel

Hello again, welcome back to animals under threat. Today, we will be covering the Dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius).

The Dromedary camel is a large even-toed ungulate belonging to the order Artiodactyla and is well known for the single hump on its back. It is the tallest out of the 3 surviving species of camel and is mostly active during the day with the exception of the hottest hours around the middle of the day. The Dromedary camel is characterized by its long curved neck, brown coloured coat, narrow chest, long hairs on the throat, shoulders, and a single hump made up of fat bound together by fibrous tissue (SeaWorld. Org). This camel is also called the Arabian camel and is considered to be a domesticated animal in North Africa, south-western Asia, and the Arabian Peninsula.

Herd of camels by Wilson

The Dromedary camel has special adaptions to survive living in desert conditions as water availability is scarce. It has the ability to close its nostrils in order to kept out sand and conserve water. The camel’s kidneys are specialised to minimise water loss through excretion and can also converse water by fluctuating their temperature to reduce perspiration (Irwin, 2010). The camel’s padded hooves are designed to support the camels weight on the sand, but it is not suited for slippery and muddy terrain. These camels live in small-medium herds made up of females following a dominant male searching for desert vegetation to eat (Irwin, 2010).

Kidney by Wagner Souza e Silva / Museum of Veterinary Anatomy and footprint by unknown.

This camel species is considered to be a multipurpose animal as they are used for milk, meat, wool, transport and racing. Herd management is used to select which camels are for meat and ones used for milking. Camel wool is popular for countries that experience cold winter and also use for fibre as cashmere. Camels used for transport in desert areas than horses as they are better adapted to the climate and landscape, this also applies to camel racing (Faye, 2015). Camels are susceptible to diseases such as Brucellosis. Brucellosis is caused ingestion of unpasteurized milk or undercooked meat that leads to night sweats, muscle pain, liver inflammation and death. Dromedary camels are considered to be a possible host for Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus or “MERS-CoV”. Both diseases are considered to be zoonotic and dangerous to humans (Al-Salihi, 2016).

Next time, we will be covering a hippopotamus species that is critically endangered and under threat from loss of habitat.

References

Al-Salihi, K. 2016, "Observations on dromedary (Arabian camel) and its diseases Mirror of Research in Veterinary Sciences and Animals (MRVSA) Journal homepage: http://mrvsa.com/ E-ISSN 2307-8073; 2520-324X (Print)", Mirror of Research in Veterinary Sciences and Animals, vol. 5, no. Special issue, pp. 1-10.

Faye, B. 2015, "Role, distribution and perspective of camel breeding in the third millennium economies", Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 318-327.

Irwin, R. 2010;2012;, Camel, 2010th edn, Reaktion Books, Limited, London;Chicago;.

https://seaworld.org/animals/facts/mammals/dromedary-camel/

picture reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary

Species profile: Numbat

Hello again, welcome back to animals under threat. Today, we will be covering the Numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus).

 

The Numbat is a small marsupial that is the only member of the family (Myrmecobiidae) and is one of the four families that make up the order Dasyuromorphia. They are characterized by their colour which can vary between grey brown to reddish brown, bottle brush tail, dark stripe that starts at the base of the ear and passes through the eye to the snout. The banded stripes on their back are their most notable feature which gives them the nickname “banded anteater” (numbat, 2014).

Picture by Martin Pot

 

The numbat is native to Australia, although they are only found in South-west Western Australia. They are one of two marsupial species that diurnal which means they are active during the daytime. Numbat are insectivores as they only feed on termites. Using their long tongue that is covered in a sticky secretion, an adult numbat can eat up to 20,000 termites a day (numbat, 2018).

 

Numbat with tongue sticking out by John Lawson.

Numbat’s only live around five years, with females able to bred when they are 12 months old while males have to be at least 2 years’ old to breed. Female numbats give birth after 14 days and the very underdeveloped young travel up the mother’s stomach to reach the nipples. The young feed on their mother’s milk until they are about 9 months’ old where they begin to learn how to forage and eat termites. When the young are 12 months’ old, they leave their mother and become independent (www.numbat.org.au).

 

Numbat have become endangered due to introduction of feral cats and foxes. Numbat’s are normally hunted by native wildlife and know how to escape them. With feral cats and foxes however, numbat is not use to these predators and have not been able to escape them as easily. Habitat destruction of their food source is also a factor that affects the numbat. With the loss of native Australia habitat, termites begin to die out which affects the numbat as they rely on termites to survive (Hayward et al, 2015).

 

Next time, we will be covering a camel that evolved a single hump on its back, unlike most camel species that have two humps.

 

 

 

References

Hayward, M.W., Poh, A.S.L., Cathcart, J., Churcher, C., Bentley, J., Herman, K., Kemp, L., Riessen, N., Scully, P., Diong, C.H., Legge, S., Carter, A., Gibb, H. & Friend, J.A. 2015, "Numbat nirvana: Conservation ecology of the endangered numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus) (Marsupialia:Myrmecobiidae) reintroduced to Scotia and Yookamurra Sanctuaries, Australia", Australian Journal of Zoology, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 258-269.

 

numbat. (2018). In P. Lagasse & Columbia University, The Columbia encyclopedia. (8th ed.). [Online]. New York: Columbia University Press. Available from: https://elibrary.jcu.edu.au/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/columency/numbat/0?institutionId=429 [Accessed 14 April 2019].

 

"Numbat." In The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, 5th ed., edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, 3084-3085. Vol. 6. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale, 2014. General OneFile (accessed April 13, 2019). http://link.galegroup.com.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/apps/doc/CX3727801710/ITOF?u=james_cook&sid=ITOF&xid=b9669909.

 

http://www.numbat.org.au/thenumbat

 

Picture references

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbat

 



 







Species profile: Sika deer

Hello again, welcome back to animals under threat. Today, we will be covering the Sika deer (Cervus Nippon).


The Sika deer is a member of a group of deer known as “true deer” meaning it belongs to the genus (Cervus). It is native to East Asia including Vietnam, China, Korea to Russia and continental islands of Taiwan and the Japanese Archipelago (McCullough et al, 2009). The Sika deer is characterized by the white spot pattern on its back and the colour of the fur can be mahogany, black or white (rare). In winter, the coat becomes darker in colour, shaggier and males forms a mane on the back of their neck. Like most deer species, males have antlers and use them to fight other males for a harem of females (McCullough et al, 2009).

Male Sika deer (right) by Quartl and female Sika deer (left) by unknown

Sika deer prefers temperate and subtropical forest for their habitat as they forage on patchy clearing in the forest while population of introduced Sika deer in Europe have been found foraging in similar areas.

 

Populations of introduced Sika deer in Europe, Eastern United States, New Zealand, Australia and many other places considers the Sika deer to be a pest (NOGUCHI, 2017, while in China and the Japanese Archipelago, they are considered to be sacred (McCullough et al, 2009). Antlers from Sika deer’s have been used in traditional medicine for over two thousand years leading to Sika deer’s been farmed and hunted for their antlers. They have also been hunted for their meat as it is used in many dishes (Sun et al, 2018).

 

Sika deer are also affect by Brucellosis (Brucella bovis), a zoonotic disease that affects the majority of the deer species worldwide. It is a major infectious disease that can affect the deer reproductive system leading to a loss of viable breeding males (Liu et al, 2017). It can also be transferred to humans as it is a zoonotic disease.

 

That’s it for the Sika deer, next time we will be covering an interesting marsupial that earned the nickname “banded anteater”.

 

References

 

Liu, Q., Wei, J., Sun, Q., Wang, B., Wang, Y., Hu, Y. & Wu, W. 2017, "Detection of Brucellosis in Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) through Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)", JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 612-615.

 

McCullough, D.R., Takatsuki, S. & Kaji, K. 2009;2008;, Sika Deer: Biology and Management of Native and Introduced Populations, Springer London, Limited, Guildford;Ipswich;.

 

NOGUCHI, J. 2017, "Overabundance of sika deer and immunocontraception", Journal of Reproduction and Development, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 13-16.

 

Sun, H., Yang, H., Ruan, H., Li, W., He, X., Wang, L., Liu, F. & Zhang, J. 2018, "The Protective Effect of Sika Deer Antler Protein on Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Vitro and in Vivo", Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 841-850.

 

Picture references

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sika_deer

 

 

 

 

 

Species profile: Peacock spider

Hello again, welcome back to animals under threat. So far we have covered the Lion, Common agama, and the Red fox. Today, we will be covering the Peacock spider (Maratus Volans).

The Peacock spider is a small spider around 2-6mm that belongs to the genus (Maratus), a group of jumping spiders that resides in Australia. Female peacock spiders are characterized by their dull brown/beige colour while males have brightly coloured abdomens and elongated third legs that are brown/black tipped with white (Girard & Endler, 2014).

Male spider on right by Jurgen Otto and female spider on left by Australian Museum, Sydney

Peacock spider feed on a variety of insects, including other spiders by stalking their prey. This has led to the peacock spider having a wandering lifestyle in search of prey instead of waiting with a web like other spiders (Girard & Endler, 2014). During the breeding season, male peacock spiders will perch in an area that allows them to be seen by females. The male peacock will wave its ornamented abdominal flaps and elongated third legs to nearby females (Girard et al, 2015). 

Male peacock spiders have to be careful when displaying to females because if the male fails to impress the female spider, the female will kill and eat him (Mendez et al, 2017). If he is successful in his dance, he will be allowed to mate with the female. However, after mating, the female kills and eat him. This happens in a lot of spider species. Below is a video by Madeline B. Girard of a male peacock spider performing a dance for a female.

As this species is relatively new and more are being found in Australia, it is difficult to tell if humans have an impact on this species. Environmental impacts can include loss of their natural habitat which affects their prey that they feed on and global warming increasing temperature leading to increased dry seasons in the rainforest.

Next time, we will be covering on a deer that is native to East Asia and don’t lose it spots when they reach adulthood.

References

Girard, M.B. & Endler, J.A. 2014, "Peacock spiders", Current Biology, vol. 24, no. 13, pp. R588-R590.

Girard, M.B., Elias, D.O. & Kasumovic, M.M. 2015, "Female preference for multi-modal courtship: multiple signals are important for male mating success in peacock spiders", Proceedings: Biological Sciences, vol. 282, no. 1820, pp. 1-10.

Girard, Madeline B et al. “Multi-modal courtship in the peacock spider, Maratus volans (O.P.-Cambridge, 1874).” PloS one vol. 6,9 (2011): e25390. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025390

Mendez, V., McGinley, R. & Taylor, P. 2017, "Mating-induced sexual inhibition in the jumping spider Servaea incana (Araneae: Salticidae): A fast-acting and long-lasting effect", PLOS ONE, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. e0184940.

Picture references

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratus_volans

https://www.survival.org.au/peacock-spider.php

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181266/#pone.0025390.s001 (video)

Species profile: Red fox

Hello again, welcome back to animals under threat. Today we will be covering the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes). 

The Red fox resides all over Europe with the exception of Iceland, Asia, parts of North America, and was introduced to Australia. It has also been found in Northern parts of Africa (Malkemper & Peichl, 2018). The Red Fox has 45 different subspecies with the European Red Fox been the most common found. It mainly feeds on small rodents, birds and carrion, but will also eat plant materials (Soe et al, 2017).

Picture of European Red Fox by Airwolfhound from Hertfordshire, UK

Red foxes are characterized by their red-orange fur, elongated body, short limbs, a tail with a white tip that is longer than the body, front forepaws have five digits and hind feet only have four digits. Both front legs, back legs and ears are black. Female foxes are called vixens while young cubs are called kits. Red Foxes can have a variety of different colour fur due to genetic mutations and also depending on the area they live in (Red Fox, 2017).

Red fox kits by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Headquarters and fox colours by unknown.

Red Foxes marks their territory with urine to keep other foxes out and also to mark where food is being stored for winter. Scent marking is important for foxes besides territorial demarcation, it is also used for social interactions (Soulsbury & Fawcett, 2015). Red Foxes can live in small family groups with a dominant mated pair and their kits with the previous generation helping with looking after the current kits. Non-breeding vixens will protect, groom, play and retrieve kits (kin selection) of the dominant breeding pair. This only happen if there is a surplus of food available or else most of the previous generation foxes will try to survive on their own (Soulsbury & Fawcett, 2015).

Picture at bottom by Keven Law and picture of Red Fox with Coypu by unknown.

In the 1870s, the Red Fox was introduced to Australia by hunters to help control the rabbit population and for sport hunting (Saunders et al, 2010). Habitat loss and alteration of natural landscapes in Europe has led to a decrease in the Red Foxes diet as their natural prey begin to disappear or become harder to find. Also changes to the landscape have affected the burrows which Red Foxes need to have their young in (Cancio et al, 2017). Diseases are a major factor affecting Red Foxes with rabies and mange being some of the most dangerous. If a fox becomes affected by rabies, it will become unable to drink, have a fear of water (hydrophobia), paranoia, inflammation of the brain, agitation, abnormal behaviour leading it to progress to coma, then death (Sterner & Smith,2006).

Hopefully this information may help show that the Red Fox not just a pest, it is an animal that needs help. Next time, we will be covering a colourful spider that loves to dance.

References

Cancio, I., González-Robles, A., Bastida, J.M., Isla, J., Manzaneda, A.J., Salido, T. & Rey, P.J. 2017, "Landscape degradation affects red fox (Vulpes vulpes) diet and its ecosystem services in the threatened Ziziphus lotus scrubland habitats of semiarid Spain", Journal of Arid Environments, vol. 145, pp. 24-34.

Malkemper, E.P. & Peichl, L. 2018, "Retinal photoreceptor and ganglion cell types and topographies in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)", Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 526, no. 13, pp. 2078-2098.   

Red Fox. (2017). In Encyclopaedia Britannica, Britannica concise encyclopedia. Chicago, IL: Britannica Digital Learning. Retrieved from https://elibrary.jcu.edu.au/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ebconcise/red_fox/0?institutionId=429

Saunders, G.R., Gentle, M.N. & Dickman, C.R. 2010, "The impacts and management of foxes Vulpes vulpes in Australia", Mammal Review, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 181.

Soe, E., Davison, J., Süld, K., Valdmann, H., Laurimaa, L. & Saarma, U. 2017, "Europe‐wide biogeographical patterns in the diet of an ecologically and epidemiologically important mesopredator, the red fox Vulpes vulpes: a quantitative review", Mammal Review, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 198-211.

Soulsbury, C.D. & Fawcett, J.K. 2015, "Ontogenic patterns of scent marking in red foxes, Vulpes vulpes (Carnivora: Canidae)", Folia Zoologica, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 40-44.

Sterner, R.T. & Smith, G.C. 2006, "Modelling wildlife rabies: Transmission, economics, and conservation", Biological Conservation, vol. 131, no. 2, pp. 163-179

Picture references

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fox

Speices Profile: Common Agama

Hello everyone, welcome back to animals under threat. Today we will be covering the Common Agama (Agama agama). This lizard resides in areas of sub-Saharan Africa and is sometimes called the Rainbow Agama due to the males been brightly coloured. Dominant male Agama’s have a brightly coloured red head, blue body and a banded tail. Other male Agama are a duller colour and are similar to females as females are brown coloured with an olive green head (Agama, 2003).

Male Agama on bottom and Female Agama on top, pictures taken by unknown.

During the day, dominant male Agama are highly territorial and very alert. Patrolling their territory to keep other dominant male Agama as one dominant male may have eight females Agama living in his territory as well as some subordinate males (James & Porter, 1979). Only the dominant male is allowed to mate with the females. When the dominant male attacks a rival, both lizards lose their bright colour and the defeated lizard loses it bright colour becoming a brown colour (Inoue et al, 1977). The Common Agama feeds on insects, mostly beetles and is active for most of the day expect during the hottest part (Anibaldi et al, 1998).

The Common Agama is under threat from parasites Plasmodium giganteum and P. agamae as they are known to carry malaria. The blood of the infected lizard doesn’t receive enough oxygen in the blood causing it to struggle while running and fighting another Agama. Currently it is not known if the parasites affect the female Common Agama reproductive rate or their eggs (Schall et al, 1994). It is currently being debated if humans have an effect on this species.

Next time, we will be covering a species that is consider to be a pest to farmers and is been hunted for sports.

References

Agama. (2003). In The MacMillan encyclopedia. (2nd ed.). [Online]. Aylesbury: Market House Books Ltd. Available from: https://elibrary.jcu.edu.au/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/move/agama/0?institutionId=429 [Accessed 30 March 2019].

ANIBALDI, C., LUISELLI, L. & ANGELICI, F. 1998, "Notes on the ecology of a suburban population of Rainbow lizards in coastal Kenya", African Journal of Ecology, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 199-206.

James, F.C. & Porter, W.P. 1979, "Behavior-Microclimate Relationships in the African Rainbow Lizard, Agama agama", Copeia, vol. 1979, no. 4, pp. 585-593.

Inoue, S., Inoué, S., Inoue, Z. & Inoué, Z. 1977, "Colour changes induced by pairing and painting in the male rainbow lizard, Agama agama agama", Experientia, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 1443-1444.

SCHALL, J. & BROMWICH, C. 1994, "INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS TESTED - 2 SPECIES OF MALARIAL PARASITE IN A WEST-AFRICAN LIZARD", OECOLOGIA, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 326-332.

Picture references

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_agama

Speices profile: Lion

Hi again, welcome to animals under threat, today for our first blog post, we will be looking at the African lion. The lion, nickname “king of the jungle” or “king of the beast” is under threat from both human and environmental factors. The lion is also the only big cat to live in groups called prides. 

The lion (Panthera leo) is the largest cat species found in Africa living on the grassy plains or open savannah. The lion is considered to be an apex predator, but will scavenger if opportunities presents itself. A pride is formed around a single male lion (or two if brothers) with lioness (female lions) and the cubs he has sired. 

The lion is characterized by their tawny brown short haired coats with their tail ending with a dark tuff (lion 2018). Male lion is recognized by their large black or tawny manes and roar although some male lions have small manes or none due to genetics. Lioness are smaller and lack manes do most of the hunting and caring for cubs although male lions will help the lioness hunt larger prey and play with their cubs, allowing them to practice their hunting skills on him. Females share the caring responsibility of cubs between each other allowing the lioness to take a break from watching the cubs (Packer, 2010).

Male lion by Kevin Pluck and female lioness by unknown

Lioness will not allow any females to join the pride if they are unrelated as they are seen as a threat and will call for others to help drive the intruder out of their territory. Male lions defend their pride from roving males as they are also a threat to his cubs and females. If a new male defeats or kills the old male, he will kill the cubs of the previous male and mate with the females to ensure that only his cubs are sired (Packer, 2010). Lions have a wide variety of facial expressions as a lion that is content would its ears erect, eyes closed and drooping lips, however an agitated lion would have its ears back, teeth bared and eyes narrowed. Peaceful gestures include head rubbing and licking (Jackson & Jackson,2010).

Pictures taken by unknown

The lion is under threat by humans as many have killed each year in retaliation for loss of livestock and trophy hunting. There is also a concern about lions been hunted for parts in Nigeria and may replace tiger bones in traditional Chinese medicine (Parker,2010). Lions also have to compete against spotted hyenas for territory and food as hyenas can drive a pride of lions away from a kill and can be a threat to females and their cubs (Jackson & Jackson,2010). Loss of habitat and increasing drought conditions is also a big issue for lions as it leads to them been forced to enter human settlements leading to human conflict (Jackson & Jackson,2010).

Hopefully this information may help people understand that even though the lion is not an endangered species, they still under threat from people and their own environment. Next time, we will be covering an unusual lizard from Africa, the Common Agama.

References

Packer, C. 2010, "Lions", Current Biology, vol. 20, no. 14, pp. R590-R591.

lion 2018, https://search-credoreference-com.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/content/entry/columency/lion/0

Jackson, D. & Jackson, D. 2010, Lion, Reaktion Books, Limited, London; Chicago;.

Picture references

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion#/media/File:Okonjima_Lioness.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion#/media/File:Lion_waiting_in_Namibia.jpg

Introduction

Hi everyone, my name is Stacey. Welcome to animals under threat blog. This blog is about the animals that are been threating by human influence or other factors. Now many animals are becoming threating by human is nothing new, but this blog will cover how factors from both human and environment are affecting these animals. The blog will cover a wide variety of animals, not just endangered ones.

All information found on these animals belong to their rightful owners and all blogs will contain references to each information source for each reading.